Vocabulary

Word of the day

Legal

The department responsible for legal matters

Аccounting

The process of identifying, measuring, registering, accumulating, summarizing, storing and transmitting information about the company's activities

Аccounting policy

A set of principles, methods and procedures used by the enterprise for accounting, preparation and presentation of financial statements

Баґ

Збій у роботі програми. Ми тестуємо сервіс «Дія» та виправляємо баґи, щоб кожен українець міг скористатися порталом.

Вalance

The main reporting document, reflecting on a certain date: assets, liabilities and equity capital of the enterprise

Вusiness

Еntrepreneurial, commercial or any other activity that does not contradict the law and is aimed at making a profit

Гуглити

Шукати інформацію за допомогою пошукового сервісу Google Загугліть будь-яке запитання, і ви гарантовано знайдете на нього відповідь

Гіфка

Це рухлива картинка без звуку у Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp, Facebook Надсилайте гіфки, щоб розвеселити співрозмовника

Ґеймер

Активний гравець у комп'ютерні ігри. Ґеймери грають на аматорському та професійному рівні в кіберспорті.

Дайджест

Стислий виклад подій, добірка. А ви вже підписані на щотижневий дайджест новин Мінцифри?

Еconomic operation

An action or event that causes changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, the company's own capital

Зашквар

Ганебний вчинок, що псує репутацію. Наприклад, ляп ведучого під час прямого ефіру.

Іncome

An increase in economic benefits in the form of an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities, which leads to an increase in equity

Комент, коментар

Висловлення думок під публікаціями в соціальних мережах Пишіть коментарі під постами у вашій стрічці

Контент

[з англ. наповнення] Інформація на інтернет-ресурсах. Буває фото-, відео- та аудіоконтент.

Лайкати

Вподобувати публікацію в соціальній мережі Ставте публікаціям лайк, якщо вам сподобався пост

Лайфхак

Корисна порада. Шукайте лайфхаки в пошуковому сервісі Google та YouTube.

Ламер

Недосвідчений користувач комп'ютерних технологій. Синонім до слова «чайник».

Лол

[з англ. гучно регочу] Як використати: пишіть «лол» у відповідь на смішне повідомлення

Мейнстрим

Те, що на часі Мейнстримною може стати музика, одяг, субкультура

Мем

Інформація, яка швидко стає популярною в мережі. Це може бути зображення, текст чи курйозне відео. Як використати: діліться мемами, щоб підняти настрій

Меседж

[англ. повідомлення] Cаме так називають повідомлення у соціальних мережах. Меседж може бути текстовим, голосовим, у відеоформаті, як фото, ілюстрація чи навіть смайлик...

Месенджер

Програми для обміну повідомленнями в мережі. Месенджери можна завантажити на смартфон або користуватися ними на компютері. Месенджери дуже популярні у всьому світі, адже в них можна листуватися, дзвонити, ділитися фото і відео, надсилати смішні стикери і смайлики. Найчастіше використовують такі месенджери: Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp, месенджер від Facebook Найчастіше використовують такі месенджери: Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp, месенджер від Facebook

Попсокет

Приклеєний до задньої панелі телефона диск. З ним комфортніше тримати телефон у руках.

Пост

[допис, публікація] Це інформація, яку користувач розміщує публічно у соціальній мережі. Пости можна шерити, коментувати, лайкати, видаляти

Програми однорангових програм

це програми, які запускаються на персональному комп'ютері чи іншому цифровому пристрої та передають файли, музику чи відео до інших користувачів в інтернеті. Мережі однорангових зв'язків з'єднують окремі комп'ютери для обміну файлами.

Програмне забезпечення з відкритим вихідним кодом

програма чи набір програм з вільним доступом до інструментарію, де користувачі можуть читати, вносити зміни (відповідно до ліцензійної угоди) та створювати нові версії програмного забезпечення.

Прокрутка

форма подання інформації, за якої вміст (текст, зображення) рухається вертикально або горизонтально. Таким чином, прокрутка не змінює вмісту, але пересуває інформацію на екрані.

Пропускна здатність

обсяг даних, що може бути відправлений через інтернет-з'єднання. Вимірюється в бітах за секунду (bps) або мегабітах за секунду (mbps). Що вища пропускна здатність, то більша швидкість інтернету, а отже, ви витрачаєте менше часу на завантаження вебсторінок, файлів та буферизацію потокового відео.

Пряма трансляція (стримінг)

це передання аудіо чи відеофайлів через підключений до інтернету комп'ютер або мобільний пристрій у режимі реального часу (онлайн). Глядачі також можуть прослуховувати / переглядати такі файли в режимі реального часу без завантаження.

Рassive

The totality of all obligations (sources of formation of means) of the enterprise. Contains equity capital — statutory and share capital, as well as loan capital (loans grouped by composition and maturity

Рекламне програмне забезпечення

це форма програмного забезпечення, що фіксує онлайн-звички користувача в інтернеті і відображає рекламу.

Сentralized exchange

Centralized exchanges (CEXs) are platforms with a "central governing body" that regulates the operation of the exchange. CEXs act as intermediaries between users who want to buy or sell crypto, i.e., users don’t exchange assets with each other directly. Most exchanges support fiat currencies. This allows users to top up their accounts with traditional currencies using bank transfers or other methods.

Сirculating supply

Circulating supply indicates how many tokens are currently in circulation. This number increases when new assets are issued, and decreases when tokens are burned.

Сontent addressing

Content addressing is a method of identifying and accessing data using a unique identifier, which is the result of a hash function from the data content itself.

Сosts

A decrease in economic benefits in the form of a decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities, which leads to a decrease in equity

Сyber hygiene

Cyber hygiene is not so much about actions taken to protect against cyberattacks, but knowledge about information security and safety on the internet.

Сybersecurity

Cybersecurity is about protecting the interests of individuals, citizens, society, and the state from potential threats that may arise when using cyberspace. This includes a set of tips, tech solutions, and processes that help protect critical systems and data from unauthorized access.

Свайпати

Перегортати від однієї сторіз до іншої Інколи їх буває багато, тому коли стане нудно, сміливо свайпайте далі

Секс-шантаж

це форма шантажу, коли злочинець загрожує розкрити інтимний контент своєї жертви, якщо та не поступиться вимогам злочинців. Зазвичай ці вимоги стосуються грошей, інтимних зображень або сексуальних послуг.

Секстинг

це пересилання особистих фотографій, повідомлень інтимного змісту за допомогою сучасних засобів зв'язку: стільникових телефонів, електронної пошти, соціальних мереж.

Селфі

Автопортрет, зроблений за допомогою камери смартфона

Сервер

це комп'ютер, який надає дані або інформацію іншим комп'ютерам через локальну мережу (LAN) або широку локальну мережу (WAN).

Серфінг в інтернеті

це перехід від вебсторінки до вебсторінки подібно до перемикання каналів на телебаченні.

Скриншот

Знімок екрана комп'ютера чи смартфона Скриншоти зберігаються в галереї смартфона, їх можна шерити

Скіл

[з англ. навичка] Набуте вміння Розвивайте свої цифрові скіли

Служби визначення місця розташування

служби визначення місцерозташування використовують технології GPS. За їх допомогою користувачі можуть повідомляти про своє фізичне місцезнаходження іншим користувачам через соціальні мережі або програми на мобільному телефоні. Деякі застосунки використовують служби визначення місцерозташування, щоб допомогти користувачам зорієнтуватися в маршруті або знайти різні локації, як-от ресторан чи найближчий банкомат.

Смайли, емодзі

Схематичне зображення людського обличчя, предметів, тварин і явищ Додавайте в повідомлення, коментарі, пости

Смартфон

Категорія телефонів, які мають можливості, наближені до комп'ютера

Соціальна мережа

це інтернет-ресурси для спілкування та обміну інформацією, як-от Facebook, Instagram та Twitter.

Спам

це небажані електронні повідомлення, часто комерційного характеру.

Спливні вікна (попап)

це невеликі вікна, які з’являються на передньому плані сторінки браузера. На деяких сайтах вони є елементом служби чату або підтримки.

Спуфінг (підробка повідомлень)

це тактика видавання себе за когось з метою отримання доступу до конфіденційних даних або банківських рахунків. Може містити спуфінг IP-адреси (відправлення повідомлень на комп'ютери з використанням IP-адреси довіреного джерела), email-спуфінг (підробка заголовка листів для маскування справжнього відправника) та інші.

Стикер

Це статична картинка у Viber, Telegram, WhatsApp, Facebook Надсилайте стикери, щоб яскравіше виразити емоції

Сторіз

Тимчасові пости, що зникають через добу після публікації Додавайте у сторіз Instagram та Facebook фото чи короткі відео

Стрім

Прямий ефір в Інтернеті. Стримте в Instagram і Facebook.

Тег (затегати)

це слово або група слів, що використовується для опису та категоризації зображення, статті чи відео в інтернеті. Позначення тегом дозволяє знайти необхідне пізніше за допомогою пошукової системи. Теги зазвичай застосовують на вебсайтах і в службах соціальних мереж, але також можуть використовувати для іншого онлайн-контенту.

Тренд

Тенденція. Тренд 2023 — навчатися цифрової грамотності

Тролити

Глузувати, підколювати, провокувати конфлікт у мережі.

Тролінг

це тип спілкування між користувачами, навмисне написання свідомо провокаційного коментаря або посту в очікуванні реакції інших користувачів на це. Публікація чи коментар можуть бути націленими на людину через її расу, релігію, етнічну належність, стать, сексуальну орієнтацію або бути дискримінаційними через інші причини.

Троянські програми (трояни/троянці)

це тип програми, який часто має вигляд справжнього під час завантаження, але насправді використовується кіберзлочинцями, щоб отримати доступ до вашого пристрою. Вони можуть шпигувати за пристроєм або впливати на його продуктивність, а також красти або пошкоджувати приватні дані.

Файли кукі

це невеликий файл, який створюється вебсайтом під час відвідування та надсилається на комп'ютер користувача. Кукі дозволяють вебсайтам відстежувати ваші відвідування та активність, що може приносити користь. Наприклад, якщо ви робите покупки онлайн, файл кукі може зберігати товари у вашому кошику.

Фактчекінг

це перевірка сумнівних фактів та новин, яка має на меті виявити невідповідності між цими фактами та дійсністю.

Фейк-новина

це неправдива інформація, створена в такий спосіб, що має вигляд достовірного новинного репортажу.

Флешмоб

Запланована масштабна акція. Бувають онлайн- та офлайн-флешмоби.

Фільтр

це спосіб управління доступом до онлайн-контенту. Наприклад, фільтр може обмежити доступ до інтернету в певний час доби або обмежити вид контенту, який користувачі можуть переглядати. Наприклад, функція Батьківського контролю дозволяє застосувати фільтрування забороненого контенту.

Фішинг

це один з видів інтернет-шахрайства, метою якого є отримання даних користувачів: персональних даних, банківської інформації тощо. Фішингові дії часто змушують користувачів самостійно розкривати свої конфіденційні дані, наприклад, надсилають електронні листи з пропозиціями підтвердити реєстрацію облікового запису, що містять посилання на вебсайт в інтернеті, зовнішній вигляд якого повністю копіює дизайн відомих ресурсів.

Хайп

Робити щось на публіку, провокуючи скандал

Хакер

це особа, яка «зламує» комп'ютерні системи, тобто намагається отримати доступ, щоб порушити їх роботу, вкрасти інформацію чи вчинити незаконні дії.

Хейтер

[з англ. ненависник] Хейтери безпідставно критикують інших та лишають гнівні коментарі під постами.

Хештег

це слово або фраза, що починається із символу #. За допомогою хештегу легко ідентифікувати повідомлення на певну тему в соціальних мережах, зокрема в Instagram чи Twitter. Хештеги дозволяють людям легко знаходити і відстежувати цікаві для них теми.

Хмарні обчислення

це технологія, завдяки якій доступ до даних та програм здійснюється онлайн без фізичного завантаження в пам’ять комп’ютера. Хмарна технологія зберігає дані та програми на своєму сервері, звідки вони надходять до користувача.

Чат

це сервіс, де люди спілкуються між собою швидкими повідомленнями в режимі реального часу. Чат може бути розміщений як на сайті, так і в окремому застосунку. До чату можуть приєднатися лише зареєстровані користувачі. Повідомлення, які користувачі публікують, можуть переглядати всі учасники чату.

Челендж

[з англ. виклик, завдання] Можна кидати челендж самому собі або іншим (Ice Bucket Challenge).

Шерити

Надсилати іншим користувачам певну інформацію в мережі: дописи, сторіз, відео, фото Шерте публічно на свою сторінку або приватно — в особисті повідомлення

Широкосмугове з'єднання

це доступ до інтернету з високою швидкістю передання даних за кількома каналами одночасно. Надається провайдерами через мережі оптоволокна, технології ADSL\DSL або бездротову інфраструктуру.

Юзер

Користувач комп'ютерних технологій. Навчайтеся цифрової грамотності та ставайте досвідченими юзерами.

ADSL

(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) a method of Internet access that enables the exchange of more data than the DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) standard. The advantage of the technology is different data reception and transmission speeds. This is convenient for the user because the amount of information received from the Internet is usually much larger than that sent to it."

AML

AML (anti-money laundering) is a set of measures aimed at countering money laundering, the financing of terrorism and the creation of weapons of mass destruction. KYC verification is part of the AML complex.

AMM

AMMs on DEXs replace the order book. In fact, it's not two crypto addresses trading, but an address and a liquidity pool. The operation of the latter is determined by an algorithm.

API

An API (Application Programming Interface) allows third-party developers to access the functionalities of an exchange, such as trading and account management, via a set of programming commands. This allows the creation of custom trading bots, integration with other financial platforms, and other advanced use cases.

AR (Augmented Reality) is a technology that allows you to add virtual objects to the real world using a mobile device camera or special devices like AR glasses. Remember the once-popular game Pokémon GO? That's AR.

Altcoin

Any cryptocurrency other than bitcoin.

App

a program for a smartphone or tablet that is adapted to work on a screen smaller than a computer screen. Some mobile apps require constant access to the Internet to operate.

Arbitrage trading

This type of trading includes the exploitation of price differences on crypto exchanges. Arbitrage traders buy crypto on an exchange where the price is low, and then sell it where it's higher, making a profit. This can be done manually or with the help of automated trading bots.

Asset-referenced tokens

Asset-referenced tokens are not e-money tokens but are linked to assets, rights, or their combinations, including one or more official currencies.

Assets

Resources controlled by the enterprise as a result of past events, the use of which will lead to obtaining economic benefits

Audience

An official reception by a person of high rank or standing, such as an emperor, king, etc.

Avatar

an image that visually represents the participants of an online chat, social media, forums, games, etc.

Bar

This chart shows the opening and closing prices, as well as the maximum and minimum.

Bear Market

A market where there is a prolonged decline in asset prices, typically by 20% or more

Bit Torrent

an information exchange method that allows Internet users to distribute and download content. The necessary files can be obtained from users who distribute them.

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system first introduced in 2008. This term refers to both the network and the cryptocurrency. The Bitcoin network was created using blockchain technology and is the first example of such implementation.

Blockchain

Blockchain technology (blockchain = 'chain of blocks') ensures the storage and transmission of information among users in the form of a chain of data blocks. Each block contains data about a certain number of transactions that took place in the network over a certain period of time.

Blockchain Protocol

A set of rules and algorithms that define how data is transmitted and stored in a blockchain network, ensuring its security, consensus, and functionality

Blockchain address

This is a unique string of characters used as a destination point for sending and receiving digital transactions on the blockchain. Blockchain addresses usually start with a certain set of characters that indicate the type of blockchain (for example, "1", "3", and "bc1" for Bitcoin, "0x" for Ethereum) and are followed by a string of alphanumeric characters. A Bitcoin address could look like this: 1BvBMSEYstWetqTFn5Au4m4GFg7xJaNVN2.

Blockchain trilemma

The compromise between security, speed, and cost is known as the blockchain trilemma. The network can have two out of three properties – security, decentralization, or scalability, but not all three at once.

Blocking a user

an action whereby one user prevents another from communicating with him/her by changing the settings. Communications from an unwanted person are hidden for the user.

Blog

a virtual journal created by an Internet user(s). Blog entries are called "posts" and contain text and images and are published one after the other in chronological order. Today, many news services have their own blogs and encourage readers to follow them. A blog can have a main topic, such as "Parenting Tips", or it can contain the author's opinions on current events.

Bluetooth

a wireless networking technology that enables data to be transferred between devices that are placed nearby but not physically connected: for example, between a smartphone and a laptop or between a smartphone and wireless headphones.

Bookmarks/Favorites

a collection of online bookmarks that help you find a page or website when you need it again. Web browsers allow you to highlight any page and use these bookmarks to go to the resource at any time. Some browsers use the term "favorites" instead of "bookmark".

Brand identity

A visual system of brand identification, the external image of the company in the eyes of customers, employees and the community. The most familiar and understandable element of identity is the logo

Branded merchandise

Any promotional item that has the corporate name or logo design on it

Bridge

A protocol that connects two blockchains to enable interaction between them

Browser

a program that allows users to browse the Internet and interact with information online. The most popular browsers include: Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Internet Explorer, and Edge.

CBDC

CBDC stands for Central Bank Digital Currency. In fact, it’s just another form of money.

CDD

Customer Due Diligence (CDD) is a comprehensive check, i.e., risk assessment of the client's profile. It shows whether the user was involved in financial manipulation.

CFA

Chartered Financial Analyst, an international accounting certification

CID

The particular style of content addressing used in Filecoin/IPFS is content identifiers - CIDs.

CIMA

Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, an international accounting certification

CMA

Certified Management Accountant, an international accounting certification

CRM, Customer Relations Management

A system for managing interactions with clients in one program

Cache

a separate memory space on your computer that stores copies of recently visited websites.

Catering

The business of providing food services at a remote site or different events

Catfishing

a type of scam where a person creates a fictitious, inauthentic account or page on social media or dating sites, usually to defraud someone else. Often, these people make up a fake past, job, or friends to create a new identity entirely. They gain trust, may even insist on a romantic relationship, and then use the other user's data, ask for financial assistance or send intimate photos.

Chronic

Protracted, long-lasting

Cluster

A set of servers combined into one system for efficiency

Coin

A coin is a type of cryptocurrency that operates independently and serves as a separate currency, usually used for payment and value transfer. Such a cryptocurrency has its own blockchain, like bitcoin or ether.

Cold outreach

Initiating contact without prior agreement

Cold wallet

Cold wallets, also known as hardware wallets, are those that are not connected to the internet. Private and public keys are stored on a hardware device, which needs to be connected to a computer to access the assets. These wallets are safer but less convenient to use.

Commodity circulation

The movement of goods related to their exchange for money and the transition from production to consumption. It is an economic indicator that shows the total cost of selling goods and services over a certain period of time

Community

A group of people with a common interest or characteristic

Community Manager

A specialist responsible for interacting with a brand’s audience, engaging users, maintaining activity, and developing a community around a product or project. Alternative names: Community Builder or Community Strategist

Community ecosystem

A combination of various elements that make up a community

Community mapping

Process of identifying and cataloguing who is doing what in a given geographical area

Compilation

The process of converting high-level programming code into machine code that can be executed by a computer

Consensus

Consensus in a blockchain is a mechanism that determines how new blocks are created and how they are added to the blockchain. It allows network participants to follow the same rules and maintain its integrity.

Consent

a legal concept, an action with clearly defined rules and consequences for breaking them, given orally or in writing. Consent can be given, for example, to receive emails and marketing materials.

Crazy

"This is crazy." It is a way to describe a certain "insane" idea or something that seems unrealistic. The slang word came to Ukrainian from English.

Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding is a method of raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, usually on the internet. This approach allows for the financing of various projects, starting from creative initiatives to cryptocurrency startups.

Crowdfunding

Funding by attracting a large number of contributions from people. Examples of platforms: Dobro.ua, Big Idea, My City

Crypto Enthusiast

Someone who is passionate about and actively involved in the world of cryptocurrencies

Crypto assets, other than asset-referenced tokens

Crypto assets, other than asset-referenced tokens do not fall into either the first or the second group.

Crypto exchange

A cryptocurrency exchange (crypto exchange) is a platform or service where users can buy, sell, and exchange cryptocurrency for other cryptocurrencies or for traditional currencies such as dollars or euros.

Crypto miner

Not all such programs are dangerous, but those installed without your permission use your computing resources for mining. As a result, your system is overloaded even though you are not using any resource-intensive applications. These programs are often downloaded with attachments from emails or browsers.

Crypto wallet

A crypto wallet is an interface that allows you to interact with the blockchain. It does not store the currency but private and public keys. Information about the cryptocurrency is stored on the blockchain. That is, the cryptocurrency does not leave the blockchain, but simply "moves" between addresses.

Cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency is a virtual currency based on blockchain technology. It does not have a physical form, such as a banknote or coin (Bitcoin coins are more of a souvenir). However, it is also an asset - just in digital form. The main feature of cryptocurrency is its decentralization. This means there is no single control center. Instead, numerous computers store data that have information about crypto transactions.

Cryptocurrency chart

A price chart illustrates the price changes of an asset. A vertical axis shows price development, and a horizontal one represents time.

Cryptography

Cryptography is the science of using mathematical methods for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of information.

Custodial wallet

A custodial wallet is a wallet that a third party can access. Typically, such wallets come as web services or apps. With such a wallet, you initiate a transaction while the third party (your wallet provider) manages everything associated with the blockchain. Keep in mind: if you grant access to your data, you must ensure this service is secure.

Cyberbullying

a use of digital technology, online content or online communication to humiliate, harass, intimidate or threaten another user.

DAO

DAO is a decentralized autonomous organization governed by smart contracts on the blockchain, with automated and decentralized management and decision-making processes.

DAO treasury

A DAO treasury/vault is a smart contract that stores the organization’s on-chain assets. To move the funds held in the DAO’s treasury/vault, you must meet the parameters that are coded into smart contracts.

DNS

DNS (Domain Name System) is a hierarchical distributed system for converting a host (computer or other network device) name into an IP address, that is, a numeric number for addressing computers or devices in networks, for example: 192.168.0.1.

DYOR

DYOR is an acronym for Do Your Own Research. This phrase is often used in the context of cryptocurrency investing, where a lot of noise and speculation often arises around certain projects and coins. DYOR involves researching the underlying technology and its potential applications, studying the progress of development and roadmaps, reviewing the team and advisors, as well as considering factors such as market trends and competition.

Dark social

an information exchange that cannot be accurately tracked through web analytics, i.e. through the collection and analysis of website data. It can include links to websites in emails, text messages, direct messaging services and apps offered by Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat and WhatsApp.

Darkweb

a collection of websites that is deliberately hidden from search engines. These sites require special software, configuration, encryption, or authorization to access them. The darkweb is a very small part of the Deep Web and is usually used for illegal online activities.

Data science

Data science uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and understanding from various types of data in different forms, often unstructured. Data science combines statistics, data processing, and machine learning, and includes methods and techniques related to handling large volumes of data. Thanks to these data, specialists find patterns, build predictive models, interpret results to solve specific problems.

DeFi

DeFi is an open global financial system created as an alternative to the opaque, tightly controlled traditional finance system. DeFi products are financial services for anyone with an internet connection. These include decentralized lending, borrowing, and insurance.

Deadline

Particular point in time by which an objective or task must be accomplished

Decentralization

The principle according to which information is distributed among many users, rather than stored in a single centralized system. This allows for a high level of security and immutability of information, as any change in a single block must be confirmed by the majority of the network's users.

Decentralized exchange

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are platforms that connect crypto buyers and sellers using smart contracts. They don’t rely on a centralized trading system. Unlike centralized exchanges (CEXs), decentralized platforms are non-custodial, meaning that the user is responsible for their private keys when making transactions. There is no central body, so DEXs use smart contracts to execute deals and record transactions on the blockchain.

Decentralized social media

Decentralized social networks do not store data on a single central server and are not governed by one person or a small group of people. They are powered by blockchain and allow users to control their data. These networks have become popular among those who want to maintain control over their data and security on the internet.

Deep Web

a part of the Internet whose content is not visible to search engines.

Deepfake

an extremely realistic, albeit fake, image or video of a real person doing or saying something that he or she did not actually do or say. Deepfakes are created using software that relies on a large number of photos or recordings of a person. Deepfakes are used to create fake news, celebrity pornography videos, and scams.

Denomination

The process of changing the nominal value of a country's monetary unit, typically carried out by replacing old banknotes and coins with new ones of a different denomination. Denomination can be implemented, for example, to combat inflation or simplify monetary calculations.

Deposit

The transfer of cryptocurrency or traditional currency to your account on the exchange. This is usually the first step towards trading cryptocurrency on the exchange.

Desk research

Collection and analysis of secondary information on a certain topic (information that has already been collected before)

Destination

An area that attracts tourists, where they travel and where they spend a certain time

Devaluation

Devaluation is a deliberate downward adjustment to the value of a country's currency relative to another currency, group of currencies, or standard, such as gold. Usually, such a move is made by the central bank or another currency market regulator.

Distribution

A sales system that ensures the promotion of goods from the manufacturer to the final consumer through sales channels. It includes not only the sale itself, but also the organization of logistics, product promotion, merchandising, etc.

Distribution of intimate images without consent

when intimate photos or videos are distributed on the Internet without the consent of the person depicted in them. The Criminal Code of Ukraine contains two provisions that protect a person's communication privacy: Article 163 ("Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraphic or other correspondence transmitted by means of communication or via a computer") and Article 182 ("Violation of the inviolability of private life").

Double-spending

Double-spending is the problem of spending the same assets twice, creating opportunities for manipulation with payments.

Download

transferring a file, video, document, or photo from a website to a computer or other digital device.

dApp

dApps, or decentralized applications, are applications operating on a decentralized network. They are designed to be resistant to censorship, fraud, and other forms of interference, as they are not controlled by any single organization. Instead, dApps rely on the collective power of the network to function.

E-money tokens

E-money tokens' value is tied to the value of a single official currency.

ERC-1155

It is a relatively new standard that allows the creation of tokens that can represent multiple types of assets in a single contract, as well as tokens with different characteristics. An ERC-1155 contract can contain different types of token classes, such as fungible and non-fungible (unique) tokens. Moreover, this standard allows the transfer of multiple assets at once. ERC-1155 is often used in blockchain games to create items and skins for characters.

ERC-20

This standard is used by most tokens in the Ethereum network. It defines functions and events such as the total number of tokens in circulation, token transfers, balance checks, and transaction approval.

ERC-721

This is a standard for creating non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the Ethereum blockchain. NFTs are unique digital assets that cannot be reproduced or replaced, unlike fungible tokens such as ERC-20. ERC-721 tokens are often used to represent digital collectible items, such as CryptoKitties, or other unique digital assets: art pieces or real estate objects.

EVM

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is an environment for smart contracts in Ethereum. It allows arbitrary computations to be executed on the network so that developers can create blockchain-based decentralized apps. The EVM is responsible for managing the state of all smart contracts in the network, as well as for compliance with Ethereum rules and norms.

Educational Communication

The process of transmitting knowledge, values, skills, and information between people or groups for educational purposes

Elevator pitch

A short, clear, and persuasive presentation of a project in 30-60 seconds

End user

a person who actually uses the software or online service.

Escrow

In this case, a third party holds the buyer's payment in a deposit account until the seller transfers the assets to the buyer. This ensures that the buyer's funds will be safe, and the seller will be motivated to complete their part of the deal.

Ether

Ether (ETH) is a native cryptocurrency used to facilitate transactions and execute smart contracts within the Ethereum network.

Ethereum

Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain network with its own native token – ether (ETH). Ethereum allows users to conduct transactions, earn interest on their assets, create, and store tokens of various formats. It also enables the implementation of various program logic (smart contracts). Developers can create and deploy their own decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) on top of Ethereum.

Explorer

An explorer is a web tool that allows users to view details about transactions and blocks in the blockchain. These details can include the transaction confirmation number (also called the transaction hash), the block number, the transaction amount, the addresses involved in the transaction, and more.

FATF

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF, Group for the development of financial measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing) is an international regulator that creates recommendations to counteract money laundering and terrorist financing.

FTP

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol designed for transferring files between a client and a server in a computer network.

Face

A slang word that literally means "face" in English

Fiat currency

Fiat is a type of money or currency that is not backed by a physical commodity, such as gold or silver. Instead, it is issued by the government and used as a legal means of payment for goods and services.

Field research

Collecting primary data through surveys, interviews, etc. (information collected for the first time to solve a clearly defined problem)

Filecoin

Filecoin is a protocol and a distributed blockchain-based data storage network that allows storing, sharing, and selling files stored on multiple nodes and providing access to them. Filecoin users pay miners for data storage with Filecoin’s cryptocurrency (FIL).

Fintech (Financial Technology)

A sector that combines financial services with new technologies to improve and automate financial processes

Flash loan

A flash loan is an instant loan. Decentralized platforms offer this opportunity to traders who don't have funds without collateral and creditworthiness checks. The loan is given for a very short period of time and must be fully repaid by the end of this period. Flash loans are executed automatically via a smart contract without human intervention or approval.

Focus group

A qualitative research method, group interview, organized in the form of a conversation between several respondents

Fork

A fork is the division of the chain of blocks into two new, independent of each other, chains. The asset created in such a way is also called a fork.

Forward swaps

A forward swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange one asset for another at a predetermined price in the future. Forward swaps are not traded on exchanges and are typically used for hedging, i.e., reducing risks by taking a counter-position on the market.

Fundamental analysis

Fundamental analysis is an evaluation strategy used to determine the fair value of an asset in the market. Usually, this involves studying business methods, technical documents, roadmaps, competition, marketing strategy, network activity, and other indicators.

Fundraise

To gather financial support or investment

Funnel

A process through which potential clients or users pass

Futures trading

Futures trading is a contract for the purchase/sale of an asset in the future at a pre-defined price. Thus, market fluctuations will not affect the value of the cryptocurrency in the contract. However, they can significantly impact the trader's profits or losses. You can also trade futures using leverage.

GDPR

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a document that governs how the personal data of individuals in the EU and the European Economic Area may be processed and transferred. It ensures that a person can demand deleting information about themselves from the internet.

GPS

(Global Positioning System) a worldwide navigation system that uses satellites to accurately determine location. GPS is necessary for the operation of location-based services."

GameFi

GameFi (game + finance) is a unique integration of games and finance that allows users to monetize their gaming experience. Such projects are built on the blockchain and usually include elements of metaverses, NFTs, and DeFi to make the players’ experience more exciting.

Gaming reputation

Gaming reputation is a player’s rating in the gaming world. Completing tasks, helping other gamers, and even behavior in games affect this indicator. For example, players with a higher rating may have access to special tasks or assets.

Gantt chart

A bar chart that illustrates a project schedule and is an important tool for planning and project management

Gas

Gas is a unit for measuring the amount of computational effort required to perform certain operations on the Ethereum network. Gas fees are paid in the network's currency, ether (ETH). Gas prices are listed in Gwei, which in itself is a unit of ETH: each Gwei equals 0.000000001 ETH.

Generic

A non-patented drug that is a reproduction of the original drug for which the patent protection period has expired. Must lead to biological, therapeutic, pharmaceutical equivalence of the original molecule. It may differ from the original drug in the composition of auxiliary substances, but necessarily with an active substance identical to the original drug.

GitHub

A platform for storing, sharing, and collaborating on code using the Git version control system

Grant

Funds or other means provided for the project implementation and the achievement of goals on a gratuitous and non-refundable basis

Grooming

establishing friendly and trusting relationships with minors via the Internet by adults to engage in intimate relations with them, blackmail and intimidation.

Guarantor

A guarantor is a trusted party that guarantees that a transaction will be executed according to the specified terms. This can provide additional protection for both parties, for example, if one of them has a low reputation or limited transaction history. However, guarantors most often take a commission from both parties of each deal.

HR (Human Resources)

A function in an organization responsible for managing personnel

HTTP

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is a data transfer protocol used on the Internet for transmitting web pages from the server to the user's computer. It is used for facilitating communication between browsers and servers. HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP, which uses encryption to protect data from interception.

HTTPS

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) is a hypertext transfer protocol that uses cryptographic encryption to ensure the security of data transmitted between the browser and the website.

Hack

To "hack" a computer or smartphone to obtain private information

Happy slapping

when someone films scenes of violence (fights, bullying) and distributes this content on the Internet.

Hard cap

A hard cap is the maximum necessary amount to realize the idea.

Hard fork

A hard fork is a software update that is not compatible with previous versions. This usually happens when nodes introduce changes that contradict the existing rules old nodes rely on. The new nodes can only interact with nodes that use the new version. As a result, the blockchain splits into two separate networks: one with the old rules and the other with the new ones.

Hash

To put it simply, a block hash is its unique identifier.

Hash function

Hash function is a math function that takes input data of any size and outputs a hash value of a fixed size (64 characters, for example).

Hot wallet

Hot wallets are services or apps that store data regarding your access to the blockchain on the internet. Assets associated with such a wallet are always available to the user online. The advantage of hot wallets is quick access and flexibility. But anything connected to the internet is at risk of being hacked. Therefore, usually, crypto enthusiasts don’t hold all their assets in hot wallets.

Hyperlink

any text or graphic on a website that, when clicked, takes you to another resource or page on the Internet. Hyperlinks often look like text in a different color or underlined.

ICO

ICO (Initial coin offering) involves selling tokens (coins) to investors in exchange for cryptocurrencies, usually ether or bitcoin.

IDO

IDO (Initial DEX offering) is used to find investment via decentralized exchanges.

IEO

IEO (Initial exchange offering) helps to raise funding using centralized exchanges.

IFRS – international financial reporting standards

It is a set of standards and interpretations that regulate the rules for compiling financial statements. They are developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and determine the rules for compiling company statements

IMEI (International mobile equipment identifier)

a 15-digit number that identifies a wireless device, such as a smartphone. The IMEI number is usually located on a sticker inside the device or is displayed on the screen when you enter the combination *#06#. To prevent someone from using your device if it is lost or stolen, you can ask your service provider to block your IMEI.

IPFS

IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) is a protocol and distributed data storage system that enables the storage of and access to files in a decentralized environment. IPFS ensures data backup and its fast distribution throughout the network using P2P (peer-to-peer) technology. Moreover, this protocol allows for accessing data even when the original source is unavailable because the files are stored on multiple network nodes.

IPLD

IPLD (InterPlanetary Linked Data) is a protocol that unifies data distributed across various computers and throughout the network into a single database. At the core of the protocol are two concepts: network addressing and content addressing. The former allows for identifying a specific node in the network, while the latter identifies specific data by their content, not their address.

Implementation

Execution of a plan, a method or any design, idea, model

Impostor Syndrome

A psychological phenomenon where a person doubts their abilities despite evident success or recognition

Indicator

A project performance indicator that will demonstrate achievement of your goal

Info stealer

Such programs steal personal data for future use. A clipper (type of stealer) is extremely popular in the crypto industry. The program activates a code that replaces the recipient’s wallet address with the hacker's address.

Information & communication technology (ICT)

a term used to describe all hardware and software that allows processing, storing and transmitting data in digital format.

Insight

A clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation

Instant messaging

sending messages from one computer or device to another using small pop-up windows. Instant messaging services work like email for communication between two or more people.

International technical assistance (ITA)

Financial resources and services provided by donors under international agreements of Ukraine on a gratuitous and non-refundable basis to support Ukraine

Internet

a global computer network that allows the exchange of information around the world.

Internet provider

a company that provides Internet access to private and business users for a fee.

JS sniffer

These are malicious scripts, usually installed on pages with online payment forms. The problem is that it’s nearly impossible to protect yourself from them, as the code is embedded on the website.

Japanese candlesticks

This is the most informative type of chart: it shows how the price of an asset developed over a certain period. The body of the candle represents the opening and closing prices, and the shadows stand for the minimum and maximum prices.

JavaScript

A programming language used to create interactive web applications; widely used in web development to add dynamic features such as animations, event handling, and user interaction

Juliet

A special chair developed in France, thanks to which people with disabilities reach mountain peaks

KYC

The "Know your customer" (KYC) procedure is a standard designed to protect financial institutions from fraud, corruption, money laundering and terrorist financing. This is a practice used by companies to verify the identity of their customers in accordance with legal requirements and applicable laws and regulations.

Keylogger

Such programs or devices record keystrokes and clicks, capturing information from your screen, webcam, etc.

Keylogger

a hardware device installed on a keyboard or spyware that records every keystroke (or sequence of keystrokes) on a keyboard. A keylogger records everything a user enters, including emails, usernames, passwords, credit card and/or bank account numbers, in order to steal information.

Keywords

words that describe the main content of a web page.

This layer is the basic level of the blockchain, which usually includes the main protocol, consensus mechanism, and data storage. L1 is responsible for maintaining the integrity and security of the blockchain. This is the foundation upon which all other layers are built. Examples include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Near, Polkadot, Cardano, and others.

Layer 2 uses the security of level 1 as a base on which another network is built. L2 “extracts” computing power from L1 to increase speed and reduce transaction costs. L2 executes transactions outside of L1, and then data is recorded on L1 where consensus is achieved. Examples are Arbitrum, Polygon, Optimism, Skale, and others.

LTV (Loan-to-Value)

A ratio that compares the amount of a loan to the value of the collateral provided for the loan. In crypto-lending, it is used to assess liquidation risks

Launchpad

Launchpads are platforms that help new crypto projects launch Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) or Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs) to raise funds from investors. Launchpads provide a variety of services: marketing, financial verification, token issuance, and their listing on exchanges. They may also offer additional services, such as access to an investor network and legal support.

Launchpool

Launchpools are another type of farming. In this case, one set of tokens is locked, and the reward is received in tokens that are being launched on the platform.

Layer 2

A solution built on top of the main blockchain (Layer 1) to enhance its scalability and transaction speed

Legal

The department responsible for legal matters

Lending

Lending is a popular way to earn money on cryptocurrency. You provide your assets as a loan, and then you get them back along with interest. Typically, intermediaries are lending platforms or exchanges. Loan terms, such as interest rate, repayment schedule, and collateral requirements, are agreed upon between the borrower and the lender.

Lending Protocol

A decentralized blockchain platform that allows lending or borrowing cryptocurrency at interest

Leverage

Leverage is the ratio of the loan amount to the margin – personal funds that a trader invests. It can be expressed in percentages or in numerical value (1:6 or x6).

Libel

spreading humiliating, offensive and false information about someone. Libel can be in the form of text messages, photos, memes and is an offense under Ukrainian law.

Lifehack

A small trick or useful tip that simplifies the process or saves time to achieve a goal

Limit order

A limit order allows traders to set a price limit only at a specified or more favorable price but does not guarantee its execution.

Line chart

These charts are the simplest visualization. Such a chart only shows the closing prices of deals over a certain period. It is suitable for beginners, but compared to others, it provides little data.

Linguistic Model

A system that uses algorithms to recognize, understand, generate, and process natural language

Liquidation

Liquidation means closing a position in the market. An asset is sold to pay off the debt. A trader's position is closed if its value falls below a certain level. The minimum amount that must always remain in the trader's account until the position is closed is called the maintenance margin.

Liquidation Mechanism

The process of forcibly closing positions on a platform, usually when collateral falls below a set threshold

Liquidity

Liquidity is an indicator that determines how easily and quickly you can buy, sell, or exchange an asset. High liquidity means that there are enough buyers and sellers in the market, and therefore transactions with cryptocurrency can be easily carried out.

Liquidity pool

A liquidity pool is, in fact, a large fund. Users provide their assets, which are locked in a smart contract and used for DeFi operations such as lending, trading, etc. To enter a pool, you need to provide not one type of cryptocurrency, but an equivalent value of two. For example, for the ETH/DOGE trading pair, you need to deposit 1ETH + approximately 18.5 DOGE.

Listing Manager

A specialist responsible for placing crypto-assets on an exchange

Local government

Elected and other bodies of territorial communities, which have the authority to resolve issues of local importance

Long

A long position means that a trader has purchased an asset and hopes that the price will increase, and it can be sold for a profit. Therefore, to take a long position = buy and hold crypto expecting that its price will increase.

MVP

MVP (Minimum Viable Product) is a minimally functional product or prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the project and attracts investment. Highlight potential. Investors are interested in projects that have large market demand and high growth potential.

Malware

software that tricks you into installing an application that allows scammers to gain access to personal data. Malware can also track your activities, collect information about them, and share them with third parties.

Managerial Accounting

A system of collecting, processing and preparing information about the company's activities for internal users in the process of managing the company

Margin call

A margin call is a request from a broker or exchange to add more funds to a trader’s account to meet minimum margin requirements. This happens when the value of a trader's position falls below the required minimum level set by the broker or exchange.

Margin trading

This tool allows trading using borrowed funds from an exchange or broker. The larger the deal, the larger the potential profit. The deal amount depends on how much personal funds (the margin) the trader has on their balance.

Market Making

Activities aimed at providing market liquidity by regularly buying and selling assets

Market Making

Intermediary activities that provide buy and sell prices to facilitate trading

Market Volatility

The measure of price fluctuations of assets over a certain period

Market order

A market order is a type of order to buy or sell an asset at the current market price.

Matrix of stakeholders

A tool for displaying the level of influence, support and interest of stakeholders in the project, which facilitates the preparation of interaction strategy with interested parties

Maximum (max) supply

The maximum supply is the total amount of tokens that can ever be issued. This number is coded in the protocol, and it is impossible to issue more tokens. For example, for bitcoins, this is 21 million, while ether does not have a maximum supply.

Means of accommodation

A general term used in Ukrainian legislation to cover any facilities that provide people with an occasional or regular place to spend the night (usually indoors)

Mempool

Mempool (abbreviation of memory and pool) is something akin to a "purgatory of transactions" waiting for confirmation. This is where transactions that have not yet been added to a block are stored.

Merge request

A request to merge changes from one branch of code to another after review

Mesh network

A mesh network is a multi-hop network. Its devices have router functions and can use different paths for information transmission.